• Asset prices as a core driver and signal for monetary policy, analyzing how asset-price booms and busts affect credit conditions, financial stability, and the transmission of policy to the real economy; frameworks consider how policy should respond and what asset prices reveal for inflation expectations [1], [6], [7], [19], [13].

• International asset pricing and portfolio diversification under time-varying risk, emphasizing FX risk exposure, hedging through derivatives, and cross-border financial linkages shaping firm and asset values [11], [15], [14], [18].

• Valuation and forecasting interplay between asset prices and macro outcomes; reconciling valuation models (DCF vs residual income) and using asset prices to forecast inflation and stock returns [3], [7], [13].

• Monetary policy frameworks and indicators, exploring inflation targeting, policy discretion vs rules, and transmission channels via term structures and rates that influence credibility and policy effectiveness [4], [8], [20], [2], [19].

• Credit conditions and balance-sheet channels—liquidity constraints, inventory investment behavior, and financial frictions as macro drivers, with open-economy balance-sheet considerations in exchange-rate environments [17], [18], [9].